class NFVMANOFramework:
    def __init__(self):
        self.nfvo = NFVOrchestrator()
        self.vnfm_registry = VNFManagerRegistry()
        self.vim_registry = VIMRegistry()
        self.vnf_catalog = VNFCatalog()
        self.ns_catalog = NetworkServiceCatalog()
        self.resource_manager = ResourceManager()
        
    def onboard_vnf_package(self, vnf_package):
        """Onboard VNF package to NFV system"""
        # Validate VNF package structure
        validation_result = self.validate_vnf_package(vnf_package)
        if not validation_result.is_valid:
            raise VNFValidationError(validation_result.errors)
        
        # Extract VNF descriptor
        vnfd = self.extract_vnfd(vnf_package)
        
        # Store VNF package artifacts
        package_id = self.vnf_catalog.store_package(vnf_package)
        
        # Register VNF in catalog
        vnf_info = VNFInfo(
            vnfd_id=vnfd.id,
            package_id=package_id,
            provider=vnfd.provider,
            product_name=vnfd.product_name,
            software_version=vnfd.software_version,
            vnfd_version=vnfd.vnfd_version,
            checksum=vnf_package.checksum,
            onboarding_state="ONBOARDED"
        )
        
        self.vnf_catalog.register_vnf(vnf_info)
        
        return vnf_info
    
    def instantiate_network_service(self, ns_instantiation_request):
        """Instantiate network service with VNF orchestration"""
        ns_request = ns_instantiation_request
        
        # Get network service descriptor
        nsd = self.ns_catalog.get_nsd(ns_request.nsd_id)
        
        # Create network service instance
        ns_instance = NetworkServiceInstance(
            ns_instance_id=generate_uuid(),
            nsd_id=nsd.id,
            ns_instance_name=ns_request.ns_instance_name,
            description=ns_request.description,
            nsd_info_id=nsd.nsd_info_id
        )
        
        # Plan VNF instantiation
        vnf_instances = self.plan_vnf_instantiation(nsd, ns_request)
        
        # Allocate resources
        resource_allocation = self.resource_manager.allocate_resources(
            vnf_instances, 
            ns_request.vim_account_id
        )
        
        # Instantiate VNFs
        for vnf_instance in vnf_instances:
            vnf_manager = self.vnfm_registry.get_vnfm(vnf_instance.vnfd_id)
            vnf_manager.instantiate_vnf(vnf_instance, resource_allocation)
        
        # Configure service function chains
        sfc_config = self.configure_service_chains(nsd, vnf_instances)
        
        # Update NS instance state
        ns_instance.vnf_instances = vnf_instances
        ns_instance.instantiation_state = "INSTANTIATED"
        
        return ns_instance
    
    def plan_vnf_instantiation(self, nsd, ns_request):
        """Plan VNF instantiation based on NSD requirements"""
        vnf_instances = []
        
        for vnf_profile in nsd.vnf_profiles:
            vnfd = self.vnf_catalog.get_vnfd(vnf_profile.vnfd_id)
            
            # Create VNF instance
            vnf_instance = VNFInstance(
                vnf_instance_id=generate_uuid(),
                vnf_instance_name=f"{ns_request.ns_instance_name}_{vnf_profile.vnf_profile_id}",
                vnf_instance_description=vnf_profile.description,
                vnfd_id=vnfd.id,
                vnf_provider=vnfd.provider,
                vnf_product_name=vnfd.product_name,
                vnf_software_version=vnfd.software_version,
                vnfd_version=vnfd.vnfd_version,
                instantiation_state="NOT_INSTANTIATED"
            )
            
            # Configure instantiation parameters
            vnf_instance.instantiation_level_id = vnf_profile.instantiation_level
            vnf_instance.vim_connection_info = self.get_vim_connection_info(
                ns_request.vim_account_id
            )
            
            vnf_instances.append(vnf_instance)
        
        return vnf_instances

class VNFManager:
    def __init__(self, vnfm_id):
        self.vnfm_id = vnfm_id
        self.vnf_instances = {}
        self.vim_driver = VIMDriver()
        self.vnf_lcm = VNFLifecycleManager()
        
    def instantiate_vnf(self, vnf_instance, resource_allocation):
        """Instantiate VNF instance"""
        try:
            # Prepare instantiation parameters
            instantiation_params = self.prepare_instantiation_params(
                vnf_instance, 
                resource_allocation
            )
            
            # Create compute resources
            compute_resources = self.vim_driver.create_compute_resources(
                instantiation_params.compute_requirements
            )
            
            # Create network resources
            network_resources = self.vim_driver.create_network_resources(
                instantiation_params.network_requirements
            )
            
            # Create storage resources
            storage_resources = self.vim_driver.create_storage_resources(
                instantiation_params.storage_requirements
            )
            
            # Deploy VNF components
            vnfc_instances = self.deploy_vnfc_instances(
                vnf_instance,
                compute_resources,
                network_resources,
                storage_resources
            )
            
            # Configure VNF
            self.configure_vnf(vnf_instance, vnfc_instances)
            
            # Start VNF lifecycle management
            self.vnf_lcm.start_monitoring(vnf_instance)
            
            # Update instance state
            vnf_instance.instantiation_state = "INSTANTIATED"
            vnf_instance.vnfc_resource_info = vnfc_instances
            
            self.vnf_instances[vnf_instance.vnf_instance_id] = vnf_instance
            
        except Exception as e:
            # Handle instantiation failure
            self.handle_instantiation_failure(vnf_instance, e)
            raise VNFInstantiationError(f"Failed to instantiate VNF: {e}")

# TOSCA-based VNF Descriptor Example
tosca_definitions_version: tosca_simple_yaml_1_3

description: Enterprise Firewall VNF Descriptor

metadata:
  template_name: enterprise-firewall-vnfd
  template_author: support.tools
  template_version: 1.0.0

node_types:
  tosca.nodes.nfv.VNF.EnterpriseFirewall:
    derived_from: tosca.nodes.nfv.VNF
    properties:
      descriptor_id:
        type: string
        default: enterprise-firewall-vnfd
      descriptor_version:
        type: string
        default: 1.0.0
      provider:
        type: string
        default: SupportTools
      product_name:
        type: string
        default: Enterprise Firewall
      software_version:
        type: string
        default: 2.1.0
      product_info_name:
        type: string
        default: Enterprise Next-Generation Firewall
      product_info_description:
        type: string
        default: High-performance enterprise firewall with deep packet inspection
      vnfm_info:
        type: list
        entry_schema:
          type: string
        default: ["enterprise-vnfm"]
      localization_languages:
        type: list
        entry_schema:
          type: string
        default: ["en_US"]
      default_localization_language:
        type: string
        default: en_US
    requirements:
      - virtual_link_external:
          capability: tosca.capabilities.nfv.VirtualLinkable
      - virtual_link_internal:
          capability: tosca.capabilities.nfv.VirtualLinkable
    interfaces:
      Vnflcm:
        type: tosca.interfaces.nfv.Vnflcm
        instantiate:
          implementation: scripts/instantiate.py
        terminate:
          implementation: scripts/terminate.py
        modify_info:
          implementation: scripts/modify_info.py
        change_flavour:
          implementation: scripts/change_flavour.py
        scale:
          implementation: scripts/scale.py

  tosca.nodes.nfv.Vdu.FirewallEngine:
    derived_from: tosca.nodes.nfv.Vdu.Compute
    properties:
      name:
        type: string
        default: firewall-engine
      description:
        type: string
        default: Main firewall processing engine
      vdu_profile:
        type: tosca.datatypes.nfv.VduProfile
        default:
          min_number_of_instances: 1
          max_number_of_instances: 10
      sw_image_data:
        type: tosca.datatypes.nfv.SwImageData
        default:
          name: firewall-engine-image
          version: 2.1.0
          checksum:
            algorithm: SHA-256
            hash: 0x1234567890abcdef
          container_format: bare
          disk_format: qcow2
          min_disk: 20 GB
          min_ram: 4 GB
          size: 2 GB
          supported_virtualisation_environments:
            - KVM
            - VMware
    capabilities:
      virtual_compute:
        type: tosca.capabilities.nfv.VirtualCompute
        properties:
          logical_node:
            type: tosca.datatypes.nfv.LogicalNodeData
            default:
              key: firewall-engine-node
              logical_node_requirements:
                memory: 8 GB
                vcpus: 4
                local_storage: 100 GB
          requested_additional_capabilities:
            type: map
            entry_schema:
              type: tosca.datatypes.nfv.RequestedAdditionalCapability
            default:
              sr-iov:
                support_mandatory: true
                min_requested_additional_capability_version: 1.0
                preferred_requested_additional_capability_version: 1.1
                requested_additional_capability_name: SR-IOV
                target_performance_parameters:
                  packet_processing_rate: 10000000 # 10M pps

topology_template:
  inputs:
    flavour_id:
      type: string
      description: VNF Deployment Flavour
      default: default
    instantiation_level_id:
      type: string
      description: VNF Instantiation Level
      default: default

  node_templates:
    enterprise_firewall_vnf:
      type: tosca.nodes.nfv.VNF.EnterpriseFirewall
      properties:
        flavour_id: { get_input: flavour_id }
        descriptor_id: enterprise-firewall-vnfd
        descriptor_version: 1.0.0
        provider: SupportTools
        product_name: Enterprise Firewall
        software_version: 2.1.0
        vnfm_info: ["enterprise-vnfm"]

    firewall_engine_vdu:
      type: tosca.nodes.nfv.Vdu.FirewallEngine
      properties:
        name: firewall-engine
        description: Main firewall processing VDU
      requirements:
        - virtual_storage: firewall_storage

    firewall_storage:
      type: tosca.nodes.nfv.VirtualStorage
      properties:
        type_of_storage: volume
        size_of_storage: 100 GB
        rdma_enabled: false

package vnf

import (
    "context"
    "sync"
    "time"
    "unsafe"
)

type VNFInstance struct {
    ID              string
    Name            string
    Type            VNFType
    State           VNFState
    DataPlanes      []*DataPlane
    ControlPlane    *ControlPlane
    ManagementPlane *ManagementPlane
    Resources       *ResourceAllocation
    Monitors        []*Monitor
    mutex           sync.RWMutex
}

type DataPlane struct {
    ID              string
    Interfaces      []*VirtualInterface
    PacketProcessor *PacketProcessor
    FlowTables      []*FlowTable
    Statistics      *DataPlaneStats
}

type PacketProcessor struct {
    WorkerPools     []*WorkerPool
    PacketQueues    []*PacketQueue
    ProcessingRules []*ProcessingRule
    Performance     *PerformanceMetrics
}

func (vnf *VNFInstance) Initialize(config *VNFConfig) error {
    vnf.mutex.Lock()
    defer vnf.mutex.Unlock()
    
    // Initialize data plane
    for _, dpConfig := range config.DataPlaneConfigs {
        dataPlane, err := vnf.initializeDataPlane(dpConfig)
        if err != nil {
            return err
        }
        vnf.DataPlanes = append(vnf.DataPlanes, dataPlane)
    }
    
    // Initialize control plane
    controlPlane, err := vnf.initializeControlPlane(config.ControlPlaneConfig)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    vnf.ControlPlane = controlPlane
    
    // Initialize management plane
    managementPlane, err := vnf.initializeManagementPlane(config.ManagementConfig)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    vnf.ManagementPlane = managementPlane
    
    // Start monitoring
    vnf.startMonitoring()
    
    vnf.State = VNFStateActive
    return nil
}

func (vnf *VNFInstance) initializeDataPlane(config *DataPlaneConfig) (*DataPlane, error) {
    dataPlane := &DataPlane{
        ID: config.ID,
        Statistics: NewDataPlaneStats(),
    }
    
    // Initialize virtual interfaces with DPDK
    for _, ifaceConfig := range config.InterfaceConfigs {
        vif, err := vnf.createVirtualInterface(ifaceConfig)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, err
        }
        dataPlane.Interfaces = append(dataPlane.Interfaces, vif)
    }
    
    // Initialize packet processor
    processor, err := vnf.createPacketProcessor(config.ProcessorConfig)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    dataPlane.PacketProcessor = processor
    
    // Start data plane processing
    go vnf.runDataPlaneProcessing(dataPlane)
    
    return dataPlane, nil
}

func (vnf *VNFInstance) createPacketProcessor(config *ProcessorConfig) (*PacketProcessor, error) {
    processor := &PacketProcessor{
        Performance: NewPerformanceMetrics(),
    }
    
    // Create worker pools for packet processing
    for i := 0; i < config.NumWorkerPools; i++ {
        pool := &WorkerPool{
            ID:          i,
            Workers:     make([]*Worker, config.WorkersPerPool),
            PacketQueue: NewLockFreeQueue(config.QueueSize),
        }
        
        // Initialize workers
        for j := 0; j < config.WorkersPerPool; j++ {
            worker := &Worker{
                ID:   j,
                Pool: pool,
            }
            pool.Workers[j] = worker
            go vnf.runWorker(worker)
        }
        
        processor.WorkerPools = append(processor.WorkerPools, pool)
    }
    
    return processor, nil
}

func (vnf *VNFInstance) runDataPlaneProcessing(dataPlane *DataPlane) {
    const batchSize = 32
    packets := make([]*Packet, batchSize)
    
    for vnf.State == VNFStateActive {
        // Receive packet batch from interfaces
        totalReceived := 0
        for _, iface := range dataPlane.Interfaces {
            received := iface.ReceiveBatch(packets[totalReceived:])
            totalReceived += received
        }
        
        if totalReceived == 0 {
            continue
        }
        
        // Distribute packets to worker pools
        vnf.distributePackets(dataPlane.PacketProcessor, packets[:totalReceived])
        
        // Update statistics
        dataPlane.Statistics.PacketsReceived += uint64(totalReceived)
    }
}

func (vnf *VNFInstance) distributePackets(processor *PacketProcessor, packets []*Packet) {
    for _, packet := range packets {
        // Use flow hash for load balancing
        flowHash := vnf.calculateFlowHash(packet)
        poolIndex := flowHash % uint32(len(processor.WorkerPools))
        
        pool := processor.WorkerPools[poolIndex]
        if !pool.PacketQueue.Enqueue(packet) {
            // Queue full, drop packet
            processor.Performance.PacketsDropped++
        }
    }
}

func (vnf *VNFInstance) runWorker(worker *Worker) {
    const batchSize = 16
    packets := make([]*Packet, batchSize)
    
    for vnf.State == VNFStateActive {
        // Dequeue packet batch
        count := worker.Pool.PacketQueue.DequeueBatch(packets)
        if count == 0 {
            time.Sleep(10 * time.Microsecond)
            continue
        }
        
        // Process packets
        for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
            vnf.processPacket(worker, packets[i])
        }
    }
}

func (vnf *VNFInstance) processPacket(worker *Worker, packet *Packet) {
    startTime := time.Now()
    
    // Parse packet headers
    headers := vnf.parsePacketHeaders(packet)
    
    // Apply processing rules
    action := vnf.applyProcessingRules(headers, worker.Pool.ProcessingRules)
    
    // Execute action
    switch action.Type {
    case ActionForward:
        vnf.forwardPacket(packet, action.OutputInterface)
    case ActionDrop:
        vnf.dropPacket(packet)
    case ActionModify:
        vnf.modifyPacket(packet, action.Modifications)
        vnf.forwardPacket(packet, action.OutputInterface)
    }
    
    // Update performance metrics
    processingTime := time.Since(startTime)
    worker.Pool.PacketProcessor.Performance.AddProcessingTime(processingTime)
}

class VNFLifecycleManager:
    def __init__(self):
        self.vnf_instances = {}
        self.health_monitors = {}
        self.scaling_manager = AutoScalingManager()
        self.healing_manager = SelfHealingManager()
        
    def manage_vnf_lifecycle(self, vnf_instance):
        """Manage complete VNF lifecycle"""
        # Start health monitoring
        monitor = VNFHealthMonitor(vnf_instance)
        self.health_monitors[vnf_instance.id] = monitor
        monitor.start_monitoring()
        
        # Register for scaling events
        self.scaling_manager.register_vnf(vnf_instance)
        
        # Register for healing events
        self.healing_manager.register_vnf(vnf_instance)
        
        # Start lifecycle management loop
        self.start_lifecycle_loop(vnf_instance)
    
    def start_lifecycle_loop(self, vnf_instance):
        """Main lifecycle management loop"""
        while vnf_instance.state != VNFState.TERMINATED:
            try:
                # Check health status
                health_status = self.check_vnf_health(vnf_instance)
                
                if health_status.is_healthy:
                    # Check scaling requirements
                    scaling_decision = self.scaling_manager.evaluate_scaling(
                        vnf_instance
                    )
                    
                    if scaling_decision.should_scale:
                        self.execute_scaling(vnf_instance, scaling_decision)
                else:
                    # Handle unhealthy VNF
                    healing_action = self.healing_manager.determine_healing_action(
                        vnf_instance, 
                        health_status
                    )
                    
                    self.execute_healing(vnf_instance, healing_action)
                
                # Update lifecycle metrics
                self.update_lifecycle_metrics(vnf_instance)
                
                time.sleep(30)  # Check every 30 seconds
                
            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"Lifecycle management error for VNF {vnf_instance.id}: {e}")
                time.sleep(60)  # Longer sleep on error
    
    def execute_scaling(self, vnf_instance, scaling_decision):
        """Execute VNF scaling operation"""
        if scaling_decision.scale_type == ScaleType.SCALE_OUT:
            self.scale_out_vnf(vnf_instance, scaling_decision.scale_amount)
        elif scaling_decision.scale_type == ScaleType.SCALE_IN:
            self.scale_in_vnf(vnf_instance, scaling_decision.scale_amount)
        elif scaling_decision.scale_type == ScaleType.SCALE_UP:
            self.scale_up_vnf(vnf_instance, scaling_decision.resource_changes)
        elif scaling_decision.scale_type == ScaleType.SCALE_DOWN:
            self.scale_down_vnf(vnf_instance, scaling_decision.resource_changes)
    
    def scale_out_vnf(self, vnf_instance, scale_amount):
        """Scale out VNF by adding instances"""
        for i in range(scale_amount):
            # Create new VNF component instance
            new_component = self.create_vnf_component(
                vnf_instance.vnfd_id,
                vnf_instance.flavour_id
            )
            
            # Add to load balancer
            self.add_to_load_balancer(vnf_instance, new_component)
            
            # Update VNF instance
            vnf_instance.components.append(new_component)
            vnf_instance.scale_level += 1
        
        # Notify scaling completion
        self.notify_scaling_event(vnf_instance, ScaleType.SCALE_OUT, scale_amount)
    
    def execute_healing(self, vnf_instance, healing_action):
        """Execute VNF healing operation"""
        if healing_action.action_type == HealingAction.RESTART_COMPONENT:
            self.restart_vnf_component(
                vnf_instance, 
                healing_action.target_component
            )
        elif healing_action.action_type == HealingAction.REPLACE_COMPONENT:
            self.replace_vnf_component(
                vnf_instance, 
                healing_action.target_component
            )
        elif healing_action.action_type == HealingAction.MIGRATE_COMPONENT:
            self.migrate_vnf_component(
                vnf_instance, 
                healing_action.target_component,
                healing_action.target_host
            )
        elif healing_action.action_type == HealingAction.FULL_RESTART:
            self.restart_vnf_instance(vnf_instance)

class VNFHealthMonitor:
    def __init__(self, vnf_instance):
        self.vnf_instance = vnf_instance
        self.health_checks = []
        self.metrics_collector = MetricsCollector()
        self.anomaly_detector = AnomalyDetector()
        
    def start_monitoring(self):
        """Start comprehensive VNF health monitoring"""
        # Initialize health checks
        self.health_checks = [
            ResourceUtilizationCheck(),
            ServiceAvailabilityCheck(),
            PerformanceCheck(),
            NetworkConnectivityCheck(),
            ApplicationSpecificCheck()
        ]
        
        # Start monitoring threads
        for check in self.health_checks:
            threading.Thread(
                target=self.run_health_check,
                args=(check,),
                daemon=True
            ).start()
        
        # Start metrics collection
        threading.Thread(
            target=self.collect_metrics,
            daemon=True
        ).start()
    
    def run_health_check(self, health_check):
        """Run individual health check"""
        while self.vnf_instance.state != VNFState.TERMINATED:
            try:
                result = health_check.execute(self.vnf_instance)
                
                if not result.is_healthy:
                    self.report_health_issue(health_check, result)
                
                time.sleep(health_check.check_interval)
                
            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"Health check {health_check.name} failed: {e}")
                time.sleep(60)
    
    def collect_metrics(self):
        """Collect VNF performance metrics"""
        while self.vnf_instance.state != VNFState.TERMINATED:
            try:
                metrics = self.metrics_collector.collect_vnf_metrics(
                    self.vnf_instance
                )
                
                # Store metrics
                self.store_metrics(metrics)
                
                # Detect anomalies
                anomalies = self.anomaly_detector.detect_anomalies(metrics)
                for anomaly in anomalies:
                    self.report_anomaly(anomaly)
                
                time.sleep(10)  # Collect every 10 seconds
                
            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"Metrics collection failed: {e}")
                time.sleep(30)

class ServiceFunctionChain:
    def __init__(self):
        self.chain_id = None
        self.service_functions = []
        self.classifiers = []
        self.forwarders = []
        self.policies = []
        self.sff_manager = SFFManager()
        
    def create_service_chain(self, sfc_definition):
        """Create service function chain"""
        self.chain_id = sfc_definition.chain_id
        
        # Create service function path
        sfp = self.create_service_function_path(sfc_definition)
        
        # Deploy service function forwarders
        sffs = self.deploy_service_forwarders(sfc_definition.topology)
        
        # Configure traffic classifiers
        classifiers = self.configure_classifiers(sfc_definition.classification_rules)
        
        # Establish SFC forwarding rules
        forwarding_rules = self.create_forwarding_rules(sfp, sffs)
        
        # Deploy SFC configuration
        deployment_result = self.deploy_sfc_configuration(
            sfp, sffs, classifiers, forwarding_rules
        )
        
        return deployment_result
    
    def create_service_function_path(self, sfc_definition):
        """Create service function path with load balancing"""
        sfp = ServiceFunctionPath(
            path_id=sfc_definition.path_id,
            service_chain_id=self.chain_id,
            symmetric_path=sfc_definition.symmetric_path
        )
        
        # Add service functions to path
        for sf_spec in sfc_definition.service_functions:
            service_function = ServiceFunction(
                sf_id=sf_spec.sf_id,
                sf_type=sf_spec.sf_type,
                transport_type=sf_spec.transport_type,
                ip_address=sf_spec.ip_address,
                port=sf_spec.port,
                load_balancing_algorithm=sf_spec.load_balancing
            )
            
            # Add VNF instances for this service function
            for vnf_instance in sf_spec.vnf_instances:
                service_function.add_vnf_instance(vnf_instance)
            
            sfp.add_service_function(service_function)
        
        return sfp
    
    def deploy_service_forwarders(self, topology):
        """Deploy Service Function Forwarders (SFF)"""
        sffs = []
        
        for node in topology.nodes:
            sff = ServiceFunctionForwarder(
                sff_id=node.sff_id,
                name=node.name,
                ip_address=node.ip_address,
                data_plane_locators=node.data_plane_locators
            )
            
            # Configure SFF data plane
            self.configure_sff_dataplane(sff, node.dataplane_config)
            
            # Deploy SFF
            deployment_result = self.sff_manager.deploy_sff(sff)
            if deployment_result.success:
                sffs.append(sff)
            else:
                raise SFFDeploymentError(f"Failed to deploy SFF {sff.sff_id}")
        
        return sffs
    
    def configure_classifiers(self, classification_rules):
        """Configure traffic classifiers for SFC"""
        classifiers = []
        
        for rule_spec in classification_rules:
            classifier = TrafficClassifier(
                classifier_id=rule_spec.classifier_id,
                name=rule_spec.name,
                interface=rule_spec.interface
            )
            
            # Add classification rules
            for rule in rule_spec.rules:
                classification_rule = ClassificationRule(
                    rule_id=rule.rule_id,
                    match_criteria=rule.match_criteria,
                    action=rule.action,
                    service_function_path=rule.target_sfp
                )
                
                classifier.add_rule(classification_rule)
            
            # Deploy classifier
            self.deploy_classifier(classifier)
            classifiers.append(classifier)
        
        return classifiers

class SFCDataPlane:
    def __init__(self):
        self.nsh_processor = NSHProcessor()
        self.flow_manager = FlowManager()
        self.packet_classifier = PacketClassifier()
        
    def process_classified_packet(self, packet, sfc_context):
        """Process packet through service function chain"""
        # Add NSH (Network Service Header)
        nsh_packet = self.nsh_processor.add_nsh_header(
            packet, 
            sfc_context.service_path_id,
            sfc_context.service_index
        )
        
        # Forward to first service function
        next_hop = self.get_next_service_function(sfc_context)
        self.forward_to_service_function(nsh_packet, next_hop)
    
    def process_service_function_output(self, nsh_packet):
        """Process packet from service function"""
        # Extract NSH header
        nsh_header = self.nsh_processor.extract_nsh_header(nsh_packet)
        
        # Decrement service index
        nsh_header.service_index -= 1
        
        if nsh_header.service_index == 0:
            # End of service chain
            original_packet = self.nsh_processor.remove_nsh_header(nsh_packet)
            self.forward_original_packet(original_packet)
        else:
            # Forward to next service function
            next_hop = self.get_service_function_by_index(
                nsh_header.service_path_id,
                nsh_header.service_index
            )
            
            # Update NSH header
            updated_packet = self.nsh_processor.update_nsh_header(
                nsh_packet, 
                nsh_header
            )
            
            self.forward_to_service_function(updated_packet, next_hop)
    
    def get_next_service_function(self, sfc_context):
        """Get next service function with load balancing"""
        sf_path = self.flow_manager.get_service_path(sfc_context.service_path_id)
        current_sf = sf_path.get_service_function_by_index(sfc_context.service_index)
        
        # Apply load balancing algorithm
        if current_sf.load_balancing_algorithm == LoadBalancingAlgorithm.ROUND_ROBIN:
            return self.select_round_robin(current_sf)
        elif current_sf.load_balancing_algorithm == LoadBalancingAlgorithm.LEAST_CONNECTIONS:
            return self.select_least_connections(current_sf)
        elif current_sf.load_balancing_algorithm == LoadBalancingAlgorithm.WEIGHTED:
            return self.select_weighted(current_sf)
        else:
            return current_sf.vnf_instances[0]  # Default to first instance

#include <rte_eal.h>
#include <rte_mbuf.h>
#include <rte_ethdev.h>
#include <rte_ring.h>
#include <rte_mempool.h>

// High-performance VNF data plane using DPDK
struct vnf_dataplane {
    uint16_t port_id;
    uint16_t queue_id;
    struct rte_mempool *mbuf_pool;
    struct rte_ring *rx_ring;
    struct rte_ring *tx_ring;
    struct packet_processor *processor;
    uint64_t stats_rx_packets;
    uint64_t stats_tx_packets;
    uint64_t stats_dropped_packets;
};

struct packet_processor {
    struct rte_hash *flow_table;
    struct processing_rule *rules;
    uint32_t num_rules;
    uint64_t processed_packets;
    uint64_t processing_cycles;
};

static int vnf_dataplane_loop(void *arg) {
    struct vnf_dataplane *dp = (struct vnf_dataplane *)arg;
    struct rte_mbuf *mbufs[BURST_SIZE];
    uint16_t nb_rx, nb_tx, i;
    uint64_t start_cycles, end_cycles;
    
    printf("Starting VNF dataplane on lcore %u\n", rte_lcore_id());
    
    while (!force_quit) {
        start_cycles = rte_rdtsc();
        
        // Receive burst of packets
        nb_rx = rte_eth_rx_burst(dp->port_id, dp->queue_id, mbufs, BURST_SIZE);
        
        if (likely(nb_rx > 0)) {
            // Process packets
            nb_tx = vnf_process_packets(dp, mbufs, nb_rx);
            
            // Transmit processed packets
            uint16_t sent = rte_eth_tx_burst(dp->port_id, dp->queue_id, 
                                           mbufs, nb_tx);
            
            // Free unsent packets
            for (i = sent; i < nb_tx; i++) {
                rte_pktmbuf_free(mbufs[i]);
            }
            
            // Update statistics
            dp->stats_rx_packets += nb_rx;
            dp->stats_tx_packets += sent;
            dp->stats_dropped_packets += (nb_tx - sent);
        }
        
        end_cycles = rte_rdtsc();
        dp->processor->processing_cycles += (end_cycles - start_cycles);
    }
    
    return 0;
}

static uint16_t vnf_process_packets(struct vnf_dataplane *dp,
                                   struct rte_mbuf **mbufs,
                                   uint16_t nb_packets) {
    uint16_t processed = 0;
    uint32_t hash_key;
    int32_t flow_id;
    struct packet_flow *flow;
    
    for (uint16_t i = 0; i < nb_packets; i++) {
        struct rte_mbuf *mbuf = mbufs[i];
        
        // Extract packet headers
        struct packet_headers headers;
        if (extract_packet_headers(mbuf, &headers) < 0) {
            rte_pktmbuf_free(mbuf);
            continue;
        }
        
        // Calculate flow hash
        hash_key = calculate_flow_hash(&headers);
        
        // Lookup flow in hash table
        flow_id = rte_hash_lookup(dp->processor->flow_table, &hash_key);
        
        if (flow_id >= 0) {
            // Existing flow
            flow = &flows[flow_id];
            flow->packet_count++;
            flow->byte_count += mbuf->pkt_len;
        } else {
            // New flow
            flow_id = create_new_flow(dp->processor, &headers, hash_key);
            if (flow_id < 0) {
                rte_pktmbuf_free(mbuf);
                continue;
            }
            flow = &flows[flow_id];
        }
        
        // Apply processing rules
        enum packet_action action = apply_processing_rules(
            dp->processor, 
            &headers, 
            flow
        );
        
        switch (action) {
        case PACKET_FORWARD:
            // Modify packet if needed
            modify_packet_headers(mbuf, &headers, flow);
            mbufs[processed++] = mbuf;
            break;
            
        case PACKET_DROP:
            rte_pktmbuf_free(mbuf);
            break;
            
        case PACKET_DUPLICATE:
            // Duplicate packet for multiple outputs
            struct rte_mbuf *dup = rte_pktmbuf_clone(mbuf, dp->mbuf_pool);
            if (dup) {
                mbufs[processed++] = mbuf;
                mbufs[processed++] = dup;
            } else {
                mbufs[processed++] = mbuf;
            }
            break;
        }
    }
    
    dp->processor->processed_packets += processed;
    return processed;
}

// Optimized flow hash calculation using SIMD
static inline uint32_t calculate_flow_hash(struct packet_headers *headers) {
    uint32_t hash = 0;
    
    // Use rte_hash_crc for hardware-accelerated hashing
    hash = rte_hash_crc(&headers->ipv4_src, sizeof(uint32_t), hash);
    hash = rte_hash_crc(&headers->ipv4_dst, sizeof(uint32_t), hash);
    hash = rte_hash_crc(&headers->src_port, sizeof(uint16_t), hash);
    hash = rte_hash_crc(&headers->dst_port, sizeof(uint16_t), hash);
    hash = rte_hash_crc(&headers->protocol, sizeof(uint8_t), hash);
    
    return hash;
}

class VNFPerformanceOptimizer:
    def __init__(self):
        self.cpu_affinity_manager = CPUAffinityManager()
        self.memory_manager = MemoryManager()
        self.numa_optimizer = NUMAOptimizer()
        self.interrupt_optimizer = InterruptOptimizer()
        
    def optimize_vnf_performance(self, vnf_instance):
        """Comprehensive VNF performance optimization"""
        # CPU optimization
        cpu_optimization = self.optimize_cpu_configuration(vnf_instance)
        
        # Memory optimization
        memory_optimization = self.optimize_memory_configuration(vnf_instance)
        
        # NUMA optimization
        numa_optimization = self.optimize_numa_placement(vnf_instance)
        
        # Interrupt optimization
        interrupt_optimization = self.optimize_interrupt_handling(vnf_instance)
        
        # Network I/O optimization
        io_optimization = self.optimize_network_io(vnf_instance)
        
        return PerformanceOptimizationResult(
            cpu=cpu_optimization,
            memory=memory_optimization,
            numa=numa_optimization,
            interrupts=interrupt_optimization,
            io=io_optimization
        )
    
    def optimize_cpu_configuration(self, vnf_instance):
        """Optimize CPU configuration for VNF"""
        # Isolate CPU cores for VNF workloads
        isolated_cores = self.cpu_affinity_manager.isolate_cpu_cores(
            vnf_instance.cpu_requirements
        )
        
        # Set CPU affinity for VNF processes
        for process in vnf_instance.processes:
            core_assignment = self.cpu_affinity_manager.assign_cores(
                process, 
                isolated_cores
            )
            process.set_cpu_affinity(core_assignment.cores)
        
        # Configure CPU governor for performance
        self.cpu_affinity_manager.set_cpu_governor('performance')
        
        # Disable CPU frequency scaling
        self.cpu_affinity_manager.disable_cpu_scaling()
        
        # Configure CPU cache optimization
        cache_config = self.optimize_cpu_cache(vnf_instance)
        
        return CPUOptimizationResult(
            isolated_cores=isolated_cores,
            governor='performance',
            cache_config=cache_config
        )
    
    def optimize_memory_configuration(self, vnf_instance):
        """Optimize memory configuration for VNF"""
        # Configure huge pages
        hugepage_config = self.memory_manager.configure_hugepages(
            vnf_instance.memory_requirements
        )
        
        # Set memory allocation policies
        memory_policy = self.memory_manager.set_memory_policy(
            policy='bind',
            node_mask=vnf_instance.numa_nodes
        )
        
        # Configure memory prefaulting
        self.memory_manager.configure_prefaulting(vnf_instance)
        
        # Optimize memory allocation
        allocation_config = self.memory_manager.optimize_allocation(
            vnf_instance.memory_patterns
        )
        
        return MemoryOptimizationResult(
            hugepages=hugepage_config,
            memory_policy=memory_policy,
            allocation_config=allocation_config
        )
    
    def optimize_numa_placement(self, vnf_instance):
        """Optimize NUMA placement for VNF components"""
        # Analyze NUMA topology
        numa_topology = self.numa_optimizer.analyze_numa_topology()
        
        # Determine optimal NUMA placement
        placement_strategy = self.numa_optimizer.calculate_optimal_placement(
            vnf_instance, 
            numa_topology
        )
        
        # Apply NUMA placement
        for component in vnf_instance.components:
            numa_node = placement_strategy.get_numa_node(component)
            component.bind_to_numa_node(numa_node)
        
        # Configure NUMA balancing
        self.numa_optimizer.configure_numa_balancing(
            enable=False  # Disable for predictable performance
        )
        
        return NUMAOptimizationResult(
            placement_strategy=placement_strategy,
            numa_balancing=False
        )

class NFVSecurityFramework:
    def __init__(self):
        self.vnf_security_manager = VNFSecurityManager()
        self.nfvi_security_manager = NFVISecurityManager()
        self.mano_security_manager = MANOSecurityManager()
        self.compliance_manager = ComplianceManager()
        
    def implement_security_controls(self, nfv_deployment):
        """Implement comprehensive NFV security controls"""
        # VNF-level security
        vnf_security = self.implement_vnf_security(nfv_deployment.vnfs)
        
        # NFVI-level security
        nfvi_security = self.implement_nfvi_security(nfv_deployment.nfvi)
        
        # MANO-level security
        mano_security = self.implement_mano_security(nfv_deployment.mano)
        
        # Network security
        network_security = self.implement_network_security(
            nfv_deployment.network_topology
        )
        
        # Compliance verification
        compliance_status = self.verify_compliance(nfv_deployment)
        
        return NFVSecurityStatus(
            vnf_security=vnf_security,
            nfvi_security=nfvi_security,
            mano_security=mano_security,
            network_security=network_security,
            compliance=compliance_status
        )
    
    def implement_vnf_security(self, vnfs):
        """Implement VNF-specific security controls"""
        security_results = {}
        
        for vnf in vnfs:
            # VNF image security
            image_security = self.vnf_security_manager.secure_vnf_image(vnf)
            
            # Runtime security
            runtime_security = self.vnf_security_manager.implement_runtime_security(vnf)
            
            # VNF communication security
            comm_security = self.vnf_security_manager.secure_vnf_communication(vnf)
            
            # VNF data protection
            data_protection = self.vnf_security_manager.implement_data_protection(vnf)
            
            security_results[vnf.id] = VNFSecurityResult(
                image_security=image_security,
                runtime_security=runtime_security,
                communication_security=comm_security,
                data_protection=data_protection
            )
        
        return security_results
    
    def secure_vnf_image(self, vnf):
        """Secure VNF image and artifacts"""
        # Image vulnerability scanning
        scan_result = self.scan_vnf_image_vulnerabilities(vnf.image)
        
        # Image signature verification
        signature_valid = self.verify_vnf_image_signature(vnf.image)
        
        # Image integrity verification
        integrity_valid = self.verify_vnf_image_integrity(vnf.image)
        
        # Secure image storage
        storage_security = self.secure_image_storage(vnf.image)
        
        # Remove unnecessary components
        hardened_image = self.harden_vnf_image(vnf.image)
        
        return VNFImageSecurity(
            vulnerability_scan=scan_result,
            signature_valid=signature_valid,
            integrity_valid=integrity_valid,
            storage_security=storage_security,
            hardened_image=hardened_image
        )
    
    def implement_runtime_security(self, vnf):
        """Implement VNF runtime security"""
        # Container/VM security
        container_security = self.implement_container_security(vnf)
        
        # Process isolation
        process_isolation = self.implement_process_isolation(vnf)
        
        # Resource access controls
        access_controls = self.implement_access_controls(vnf)
        
        # Runtime monitoring
        runtime_monitoring = self.implement_runtime_monitoring(vnf)
        
        # Anomaly detection
        anomaly_detection = self.implement_anomaly_detection(vnf)
        
        return RuntimeSecurity(
            container_security=container_security,
            process_isolation=process_isolation,
            access_controls=access_controls,
            runtime_monitoring=runtime_monitoring,
            anomaly_detection=anomaly_detection
        )

class VNFSecurityMonitor:
    def __init__(self):
        self.behavioral_analyzer = BehavioralAnalyzer()
        self.threat_detector = ThreatDetector()
        self.incident_responder = IncidentResponder()
        
    def monitor_vnf_security(self, vnf_instance):
        """Monitor VNF security in real-time"""
        # Collect security events
        security_events = self.collect_security_events(vnf_instance)
        
        # Analyze behavior patterns
        behavior_analysis = self.behavioral_analyzer.analyze_behavior(
            vnf_instance, 
            security_events
        )
        
        # Detect security threats
        threats = self.threat_detector.detect_threats(
            security_events, 
            behavior_analysis
        )
        
        # Respond to incidents
        for threat in threats:
            incident = self.create_security_incident(threat, vnf_instance)
            response = self.incident_responder.respond_to_incident(incident)
            
            if response.requires_escalation:
                self.escalate_incident(incident)
        
        return SecurityMonitoringResult(
            events=security_events,
            behavior_analysis=behavior_analysis,
            threats=threats
        )
    
    def collect_security_events(self, vnf_instance):
        """Collect security-relevant events from VNF"""
        events = []
        
        # System call monitoring
        syscall_events = self.monitor_system_calls(vnf_instance)
        events.extend(syscall_events)
        
        # Network activity monitoring
        network_events = self.monitor_network_activity(vnf_instance)
        events.extend(network_events)
        
        # File system monitoring
        fs_events = self.monitor_file_system_activity(vnf_instance)
        events.extend(fs_events)
        
        # Process monitoring
        process_events = self.monitor_process_activity(vnf_instance)
        events.extend(process_events)
        
        # Resource usage monitoring
        resource_events = self.monitor_resource_usage(vnf_instance)
        events.extend(resource_events)
        
        return events