Dell iDRAC session management is critical for maintaining reliable remote access to PowerEdge servers. This comprehensive guide covers session troubleshooting, automated monitoring, connection pooling, enterprise-scale management strategies, and prevention techniques for session exhaustion issues.

Understanding iDRAC Session Architecture

iDRAC Session Fundamentals

Session Types and Limits

Dell iDRAC supports multiple concurrent session types, each with specific limits:

  • GUI Sessions: Web interface connections (typically 6-12 concurrent)
  • SSH Sessions: Command-line access (typically 4-6 concurrent)
  • Virtual Console: Remote KVM sessions (typically 2-4 concurrent)
  • Redfish API: RESTful API connections (varies by model)
  • IPMI Sessions: Out-of-band management (typically 4-8 concurrent)

Common Session Issues

  • Session Exhaustion: All available slots consumed
  • Stuck Sessions: Improperly closed connections
  • Ghost Sessions: Sessions persisting after client disconnect
  • Authentication Failures: Failed login attempts consuming slots
  • Network Timeouts: Sessions held open due to network issues

iDRAC Session Architecture

[Client Applications]
        ↓
[Network Layer]
        ↓
[iDRAC Controller]
    ├── Session Manager
    ├── Authentication Module
    ├── Resource Allocator
    └── Timeout Handler

Advanced Session Management Techniques

Comprehensive Session Management Script

#!/bin/bash
# Enterprise iDRAC Session Management System

# Configuration
IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE="/etc/idrac-manager/servers.conf"
SESSION_LOG_DIR="/var/log/idrac-sessions"
ALERT_THRESHOLD=80  # Alert when 80% of sessions are used
CHECK_INTERVAL=300  # Check every 5 minutes

# Create required directories
sudo mkdir -p "$(dirname "$IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE")" "$SESSION_LOG_DIR"

# Logging function
log_message() {
    local level="$1"
    shift
    echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] [$level] $*" | tee -a "$SESSION_LOG_DIR/session-manager.log"
}

# Server configuration structure
create_server_config() {
    cat > "$IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE" << 'EOF'
# iDRAC Server Configuration
# Format: name|ip|username|password|model|max_sessions|description

# Production servers
prod-r740-01|10.1.1.101|root|calvin|iDRAC9|12|Production DB Server
prod-r740-02|10.1.1.102|root|calvin|iDRAC9|12|Production App Server
prod-r640-01|10.1.1.103|root|calvin|iDRAC9|8|Production Web Server

# Development servers
dev-r630-01|10.2.1.101|root|calvin|iDRAC8|6|Development Server
dev-r640-01|10.2.1.102|root|calvin|iDRAC9|8|Test Environment

# Infrastructure servers
infra-r750-01|10.3.1.101|root|calvin|iDRAC10|16|VMware Host 1
infra-r750-02|10.3.1.102|root|calvin|iDRAC10|16|VMware Host 2
EOF
}

# Get current session information
get_session_info() {
    local idrac_ip="$1"
    local username="$2"
    local password="$3"
    
    # SSH to iDRAC and get session info
    sshpass -p "$password" ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no \
        -o ConnectTimeout=10 "$username@$idrac_ip" \
        "racadm getssninfo" 2>/dev/null
}

# Parse session data
parse_session_data() {
    local session_data="$1"
    local active_sessions=0
    local session_details=""
    
    # Skip header lines and count active sessions
    while IFS= read -r line; do
        if [[ "$line" =~ ^[0-9]+ ]]; then
            ((active_sessions++))
            session_details+="$line"$'\n'
        fi
    done <<< "$session_data"
    
    echo "$active_sessions|$session_details"
}

# Monitor single iDRAC
monitor_idrac_sessions() {
    local server_name="$1"
    local idrac_ip="$2"
    local username="$3"
    local password="$4"
    local model="$5"
    local max_sessions="$6"
    local description="$7"
    
    log_message "INFO" "Checking sessions on $server_name ($idrac_ip)"
    
    # Get current session information
    local session_data=$(get_session_info "$idrac_ip" "$username" "$password")
    
    if [[ -z "$session_data" ]]; then
        log_message "ERROR" "Failed to connect to $server_name ($idrac_ip)"
        return 1
    fi
    
    # Parse session data
    IFS='|' read -r active_sessions session_details <<< "$(parse_session_data "$session_data")"
    
    # Calculate usage percentage
    local usage_percent=$((active_sessions * 100 / max_sessions))
    
    # Log session status
    log_message "INFO" "$server_name: $active_sessions/$max_sessions sessions ($usage_percent%)"
    
    # Check if threshold exceeded
    if [[ $usage_percent -ge $ALERT_THRESHOLD ]]; then
        log_message "WARN" "$server_name exceeds session threshold: $usage_percent%"
        send_session_alert "$server_name" "$idrac_ip" "$active_sessions" "$max_sessions" "$session_details"
    fi
    
    # Store session data
    store_session_data "$server_name" "$idrac_ip" "$active_sessions" "$max_sessions" "$session_details"
    
    return 0
}

# Store session data for analysis
store_session_data() {
    local server_name="$1"
    local idrac_ip="$2"
    local active_sessions="$3"
    local max_sessions="$4"
    local session_details="$5"
    
    local data_file="$SESSION_LOG_DIR/session_data_${server_name}.json"
    local timestamp=$(date -Iseconds)
    
    # Create JSON data
    cat > "$data_file.tmp" <<EOF
{
    "timestamp": "$timestamp",
    "server_name": "$server_name",
    "idrac_ip": "$idrac_ip",
    "active_sessions": $active_sessions,
    "max_sessions": $max_sessions,
    "usage_percent": $((active_sessions * 100 / max_sessions)),
    "sessions": [
EOF
    
    # Add session details
    local first=true
    while IFS= read -r line; do
        if [[ "$line" =~ ^([0-9]+)[[:space:]]+([A-Z]+)[[:space:]]+([a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)[[:space:]]+([0-9.]+)[[:space:]]+(.+)$ ]]; then
            local ssn_id="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
            local ssn_type="${BASH_REMATCH[2]}"
            local ssn_user="${BASH_REMATCH[3]}"
            local ssn_ip="${BASH_REMATCH[4]}"
            local ssn_time="${BASH_REMATCH[5]}"
            
            if [[ "$first" != "true" ]]; then
                echo "," >> "$data_file.tmp"
            fi
            first=false
            
            cat >> "$data_file.tmp" <<EOF
        {
            "session_id": "$ssn_id",
            "type": "$ssn_type",
            "user": "$ssn_user",
            "client_ip": "$ssn_ip",
            "login_time": "$ssn_time"
        }
EOF
        fi
    done <<< "$session_details"
    
    echo "" >> "$data_file.tmp"
    echo "    ]" >> "$data_file.tmp"
    echo "}" >> "$data_file.tmp"
    
    mv "$data_file.tmp" "$data_file"
}

# Send alert for high session usage
send_session_alert() {
    local server_name="$1"
    local idrac_ip="$2"
    local active_sessions="$3"
    local max_sessions="$4"
    local session_details="$5"
    
    local alert_file="$SESSION_LOG_DIR/alert_${server_name}_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).txt"
    
    cat > "$alert_file" <<EOF
iDRAC SESSION ALERT
===================
Server: $server_name ($idrac_ip)
Time: $(date)
Sessions: $active_sessions / $max_sessions ($(( active_sessions * 100 / max_sessions ))%)

Active Sessions:
$session_details

Action Required: Review and close unnecessary sessions
EOF
    
    # Send email alert if configured
    if [[ -n "${ALERT_EMAIL:-}" ]]; then
        mail -s "iDRAC Session Alert: $server_name" "$ALERT_EMAIL" < "$alert_file"
    fi
    
    # Log to syslog
    logger -t idrac-sessions -p warning "High session usage on $server_name: $active_sessions/$max_sessions"
}

# Close specific session
close_idrac_session() {
    local idrac_ip="$1"
    local username="$2"
    local password="$3"
    local session_id="$4"
    
    log_message "INFO" "Closing session $session_id on $idrac_ip"
    
    local result=$(sshpass -p "$password" ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no \
        -o ConnectTimeout=10 "$username@$idrac_ip" \
        "racadm closessn -i $session_id" 2>&1)
    
    if [[ "$result" =~ "closed successfully" ]]; then
        log_message "INFO" "Session $session_id closed successfully on $idrac_ip"
        return 0
    else
        log_message "ERROR" "Failed to close session $session_id on $idrac_ip: $result"
        return 1
    fi
}

# Automatic session cleanup
auto_cleanup_sessions() {
    local server_name="$1"
    local idrac_ip="$2"
    local username="$3"
    local password="$4"
    local max_age_hours="${5:-24}"  # Default: close sessions older than 24 hours
    
    log_message "INFO" "Starting auto-cleanup for $server_name"
    
    # Get current session information
    local session_data=$(get_session_info "$idrac_ip" "$username" "$password")
    
    if [[ -z "$session_data" ]]; then
        log_message "ERROR" "Failed to connect to $server_name for cleanup"
        return 1
    fi
    
    local current_timestamp=$(date +%s)
    local closed_count=0
    
    # Process each session
    while IFS= read -r line; do
        if [[ "$line" =~ ^([0-9]+)[[:space:]]+([A-Z]+)[[:space:]]+([a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)[[:space:]]+([0-9.]+)[[:space:]]+([0-9/]+)[[:space:]]+([0-9:]+)$ ]]; then
            local ssn_id="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
            local ssn_type="${BASH_REMATCH[2]}"
            local ssn_user="${BASH_REMATCH[3]}"
            local ssn_date="${BASH_REMATCH[5]}"
            local ssn_time="${BASH_REMATCH[6]}"
            
            # Convert session time to timestamp
            local session_timestamp=$(date -d "$ssn_date $ssn_time" +%s 2>/dev/null)
            
            if [[ -n "$session_timestamp" ]]; then
                local age_hours=$(( (current_timestamp - session_timestamp) / 3600 ))
                
                if [[ $age_hours -gt $max_age_hours ]]; then
                    log_message "INFO" "Session $ssn_id is $age_hours hours old - closing"
                    
                    if close_idrac_session "$idrac_ip" "$username" "$password" "$ssn_id"; then
                        ((closed_count++))
                    fi
                fi
            fi
        fi
    done <<< "$session_data"
    
    log_message "INFO" "Auto-cleanup completed for $server_name: $closed_count sessions closed"
}

# Monitor all configured servers
monitor_all_servers() {
    log_message "INFO" "Starting session monitoring cycle"
    
    while IFS='|' read -r name ip username password model max_sessions description; do
        [[ "$name" =~ ^#.*$ ]] && continue
        [[ -z "$name" ]] && continue
        
        monitor_idrac_sessions "$name" "$ip" "$username" "$password" "$model" "$max_sessions" "$description"
        
    done < "$IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE"
    
    log_message "INFO" "Session monitoring cycle completed"
}

# Continuous monitoring daemon
monitoring_daemon() {
    log_message "INFO" "Starting iDRAC session monitoring daemon"
    
    while true; do
        monitor_all_servers
        sleep "$CHECK_INTERVAL"
    done
}

# Generate session report
generate_session_report() {
    local report_type="${1:-summary}"
    local output_file="${2:-$SESSION_LOG_DIR/session_report_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).txt}"
    
    {
        echo "iDRAC Session Report"
        echo "===================="
        echo "Generated: $(date)"
        echo ""
        
        case "$report_type" in
            "summary")
                echo "Session Summary by Server:"
                echo "--------------------------"
                
                while IFS='|' read -r name ip username password model max_sessions description; do
                    [[ "$name" =~ ^#.*$ ]] && continue
                    [[ -z "$name" ]] && continue
                    
                    local data_file="$SESSION_LOG_DIR/session_data_${name}.json"
                    if [[ -f "$data_file" ]]; then
                        local usage=$(jq -r '.usage_percent' "$data_file" 2>/dev/null)
                        local active=$(jq -r '.active_sessions' "$data_file" 2>/dev/null)
                        local max=$(jq -r '.max_sessions' "$data_file" 2>/dev/null)
                        local timestamp=$(jq -r '.timestamp' "$data_file" 2>/dev/null)
                        
                        printf "%-20s: %2d/%-2d sessions (%3d%%) - Last check: %s\n" \
                            "$name" "$active" "$max" "$usage" "$timestamp"
                    else
                        printf "%-20s: No data available\n" "$name"
                    fi
                    
                done < "$IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE"
                ;;
                
            "detailed")
                echo "Detailed Session Information:"
                echo "-----------------------------"
                
                while IFS='|' read -r name ip username password model max_sessions description; do
                    [[ "$name" =~ ^#.*$ ]] && continue
                    [[ -z "$name" ]] && continue
                    
                    echo ""
                    echo "Server: $name ($ip)"
                    echo "Model: $model - $description"
                    
                    local data_file="$SESSION_LOG_DIR/session_data_${name}.json"
                    if [[ -f "$data_file" ]]; then
                        echo "Sessions:"
                        jq -r '.sessions[] | "  ID: \(.session_id) | Type: \(.type) | User: \(.user) | IP: \(.client_ip) | Time: \(.login_time)"' \
                            "$data_file" 2>/dev/null
                    else
                        echo "  No session data available"
                    fi
                    
                done < "$IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE"
                ;;
                
            "alerts")
                echo "Recent Alerts:"
                echo "--------------"
                
                find "$SESSION_LOG_DIR" -name "alert_*.txt" -mtime -7 -exec basename {} \; | \
                    sort -r | head -20 | while read alert_file; do
                    echo ""
                    echo "Alert: $alert_file"
                    head -5 "$SESSION_LOG_DIR/$alert_file"
                    echo "..."
                done
                ;;
        esac
        
    } > "$output_file"
    
    echo "Report saved to: $output_file"
}

# Interactive session manager
interactive_session_manager() {
    echo "iDRAC Session Manager"
    echo "===================="
    
    PS3="Select option: "
    options=(
        "View all sessions"
        "Monitor specific server"
        "Close session"
        "Auto-cleanup old sessions"
        "Generate report"
        "Start monitoring daemon"
        "Exit"
    )
    
    select opt in "${options[@]}"; do
        case $REPLY in
            1)
                monitor_all_servers
                ;;
            2)
                echo "Available servers:"
                awk -F'|' '!/^#/ && NF {print NR". "$1" ("$2")"}' "$IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE"
                read -p "Select server number: " server_num
                
                server_info=$(sed -n "${server_num}p" "$IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE")
                if [[ -n "$server_info" ]]; then
                    IFS='|' read -r name ip username password model max_sessions description <<< "$server_info"
                    monitor_idrac_sessions "$name" "$ip" "$username" "$password" "$model" "$max_sessions" "$description"
                fi
                ;;
            3)
                read -p "Enter iDRAC IP: " idrac_ip
                read -p "Enter username: " username
                read -s -p "Enter password: " password
                echo
                
                # Show current sessions
                session_data=$(get_session_info "$idrac_ip" "$username" "$password")
                echo "$session_data"
                
                read -p "Enter session ID to close: " session_id
                close_idrac_session "$idrac_ip" "$username" "$password" "$session_id"
                ;;
            4)
                read -p "Enter maximum session age in hours (default 24): " max_age
                max_age="${max_age:-24}"
                
                while IFS='|' read -r name ip username password model max_sessions description; do
                    [[ "$name" =~ ^#.*$ ]] && continue
                    [[ -z "$name" ]] && continue
                    
                    auto_cleanup_sessions "$name" "$ip" "$username" "$password" "$max_age"
                    
                done < "$IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE"
                ;;
            5)
                echo "Report types: summary, detailed, alerts"
                read -p "Enter report type: " report_type
                generate_session_report "$report_type"
                ;;
            6)
                echo "Starting monitoring daemon (press Ctrl+C to stop)..."
                monitoring_daemon
                ;;
            7)
                echo "Goodbye!"
                exit 0
                ;;
            *)
                echo "Invalid option"
                ;;
        esac
        
        echo ""
        read -p "Press Enter to continue..."
    done
}

# Main execution
if [[ ! -f "$IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE" ]]; then
    echo "Creating default configuration file..."
    create_server_config
fi

# Handle command line arguments
case "${1:-}" in
    "monitor")
        monitor_all_servers
        ;;
    "daemon")
        monitoring_daemon
        ;;
    "cleanup")
        while IFS='|' read -r name ip username password model max_sessions description; do
            [[ "$name" =~ ^#.*$ ]] && continue
            [[ -z "$name" ]] && continue
            
            auto_cleanup_sessions "$name" "$ip" "$username" "$password" "${2:-24}"
            
        done < "$IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE"
        ;;
    "report")
        generate_session_report "${2:-summary}"
        ;;
    "interactive"|"")
        interactive_session_manager
        ;;
    *)
        echo "Usage: $0 {monitor|daemon|cleanup|report|interactive}"
        echo "  monitor     - Check all servers once"
        echo "  daemon      - Run continuous monitoring"
        echo "  cleanup     - Clean old sessions"
        echo "  report      - Generate session report"
        echo "  interactive - Interactive menu"
        exit 1
        ;;
esac

Enterprise Session Management Strategies

Session Pool Management

#!/bin/bash
# iDRAC Session Pool Manager

# Configuration
POOL_CONFIG="/etc/idrac-manager/session-pool.conf"
POOL_STATE_DIR="/var/lib/idrac-manager/pool-state"

# Create directories
sudo mkdir -p "$(dirname "$POOL_CONFIG")" "$POOL_STATE_DIR"

# Session pool configuration
create_pool_config() {
    cat > "$POOL_CONFIG" << 'EOF'
# Session Pool Configuration
# Pool policies by server type

[DEFAULT]
max_gui_sessions=4
max_ssh_sessions=2
max_console_sessions=1
session_timeout=3600
cleanup_interval=300

[PRODUCTION]
max_gui_sessions=2
max_ssh_sessions=1
max_console_sessions=1
session_timeout=1800
strict_cleanup=true

[DEVELOPMENT]
max_gui_sessions=6
max_ssh_sessions=3
max_console_sessions=2
session_timeout=7200
strict_cleanup=false

[MAINTENANCE]
max_gui_sessions=8
max_ssh_sessions=4
max_console_sessions=2
session_timeout=14400
strict_cleanup=false
EOF
}

# Session reservation system
reserve_session() {
    local server_name="$1"
    local session_type="$2"
    local user="$3"
    local purpose="$4"
    local duration="${5:-3600}"
    
    local reservation_file="$POOL_STATE_DIR/${server_name}_reservations.json"
    local reservation_id="RES_$(date +%s)_$$"
    local expiry=$(($(date +%s) + duration))
    
    # Create reservation
    local reservation=$(cat <<EOF
{
    "id": "$reservation_id",
    "server": "$server_name",
    "type": "$session_type",
    "user": "$user",
    "purpose": "$purpose",
    "created": $(date +%s),
    "expiry": $expiry,
    "status": "active"
}
EOF
    )
    
    # Add to reservation file
    if [[ -f "$reservation_file" ]]; then
        # Append to existing reservations
        jq ". += [$reservation]" "$reservation_file" > "${reservation_file}.tmp"
        mv "${reservation_file}.tmp" "$reservation_file"
    else
        # Create new reservation file
        echo "[$reservation]" > "$reservation_file"
    fi
    
    echo "$reservation_id"
}

# Check session availability
check_session_availability() {
    local server_name="$1"
    local session_type="$2"
    local server_config="$3"
    
    # Get server's pool policy
    local pool_policy=$(get_server_pool_policy "$server_config")
    
    # Load pool limits
    source <(grep -E "^(max_.*_sessions|session_timeout)" "$POOL_CONFIG" | \
             sed -n "/\[$pool_policy\]/,/\[/p" | \
             grep -v "^\[")
    
    # Get current session count
    local current_sessions=$(count_active_sessions "$server_name" "$session_type")
    
    # Get max sessions for type
    local max_var="max_${session_type}_sessions"
    local max_sessions="${!max_var:-1}"
    
    if [[ $current_sessions -lt $max_sessions ]]; then
        echo "AVAILABLE"
        return 0
    else
        echo "FULL"
        return 1
    fi
}

# Get server pool policy
get_server_pool_policy() {
    local server_config="$1"
    
    # Extract server type from config
    local server_type=$(echo "$server_config" | awk -F'|' '{print $7}')
    
    case "$server_type" in
        *prod*|*production*)
            echo "PRODUCTION"
            ;;
        *dev*|*development*|*test*)
            echo "DEVELOPMENT"
            ;;
        *maint*|*maintenance*)
            echo "MAINTENANCE"
            ;;
        *)
            echo "DEFAULT"
            ;;
    esac
}

# Count active sessions
count_active_sessions() {
    local server_name="$1"
    local session_type="$2"
    
    # Get session data from monitoring
    local data_file="$SESSION_LOG_DIR/session_data_${server_name}.json"
    
    if [[ -f "$data_file" ]]; then
        case "$session_type" in
            "gui")
                jq '[.sessions[] | select(.type == "GUI")] | length' "$data_file" 2>/dev/null || echo "0"
                ;;
            "ssh")
                jq '[.sessions[] | select(.type == "SSH")] | length' "$data_file" 2>/dev/null || echo "0"
                ;;
            "console")
                jq '[.sessions[] | select(.type == "CONSOLE")] | length' "$data_file" 2>/dev/null || echo "0"
                ;;
            *)
                echo "0"
                ;;
        esac
    else
        echo "0"
    fi
}

# Session queue management
manage_session_queue() {
    local queue_file="$POOL_STATE_DIR/session_queue.json"
    
    # Process queue
    if [[ -f "$queue_file" ]]; then
        local processed_requests=()
        
        # Read each queued request
        while IFS= read -r request; do
            local server=$(echo "$request" | jq -r '.server')
            local type=$(echo "$request" | jq -r '.type')
            local user=$(echo "$request" | jq -r '.user')
            
            # Check if session is now available
            if check_session_availability "$server" "$type" >/dev/null; then
                log_message "INFO" "Processing queued request for $user on $server ($type)"
                
                # Grant session access
                local reservation_id=$(reserve_session "$server" "$type" "$user" "Queued request")
                
                # Notify user
                notify_user "$user" "Session available on $server" "$reservation_id"
                
                # Mark as processed
                processed_requests+=("$(echo "$request" | jq -r '.id')")
            fi
        done < <(jq -c '.[]' "$queue_file" 2>/dev/null)
        
        # Remove processed requests from queue
        for request_id in "${processed_requests[@]}"; do
            jq "map(select(.id != \"$request_id\"))" "$queue_file" > "${queue_file}.tmp"
            mv "${queue_file}.tmp" "$queue_file"
        done
    fi
}

# Session usage analytics
analyze_session_usage() {
    local analysis_period="${1:-7}"  # Days
    local report_file="$SESSION_LOG_DIR/usage_analysis_$(date +%Y%m%d).json"
    
    echo "Analyzing session usage for past $analysis_period days..."
    
    # Collect usage data
    local usage_data=$(cat <<EOF
{
    "analysis_date": "$(date -Iseconds)",
    "period_days": $analysis_period,
    "servers": {}
}
EOF
    )
    
    # Analyze each server
    while IFS='|' read -r name ip username password model max_sessions description; do
        [[ "$name" =~ ^#.*$ ]] && continue
        [[ -z "$name" ]] && continue
        
        # Calculate usage statistics
        local avg_sessions=$(calculate_average_sessions "$name" "$analysis_period")
        local peak_sessions=$(calculate_peak_sessions "$name" "$analysis_period")
        local avg_duration=$(calculate_average_duration "$name" "$analysis_period")
        
        # Add to report
        usage_data=$(echo "$usage_data" | jq \
            --arg server "$name" \
            --arg avg "$avg_sessions" \
            --arg peak "$peak_sessions" \
            --arg duration "$avg_duration" \
            '.servers[$server] = {
                "average_sessions": ($avg | tonumber),
                "peak_sessions": ($peak | tonumber),
                "average_duration_minutes": ($duration | tonumber)
            }')
        
    done < "$IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE"
    
    # Generate recommendations
    usage_data=$(echo "$usage_data" | jq '. + {
        "recommendations": [
            "Consider increasing session limits for servers with >80% average usage",
            "Implement stricter timeout policies for development servers",
            "Review long-running sessions for potential optimization"
        ]
    }')
    
    echo "$usage_data" | jq '.' > "$report_file"
    echo "Analysis complete. Report saved to: $report_file"
}

Automated Session Prevention

#!/bin/bash
# Proactive session exhaustion prevention

# Session prevention configuration
PREVENTION_CONFIG="/etc/idrac-manager/prevention.conf"

cat > "$PREVENTION_CONFIG" << 'EOF'
# Session Exhaustion Prevention Rules

# Warning thresholds (percentage)
WARNING_THRESHOLD_GUI=60
WARNING_THRESHOLD_SSH=70
WARNING_THRESHOLD_CONSOLE=50

# Critical thresholds (percentage)
CRITICAL_THRESHOLD_GUI=80
CRITICAL_THRESHOLD_SSH=85
CRITICAL_THRESHOLD_CONSOLE=75

# Auto-cleanup policies
AUTO_CLEANUP_IDLE_TIME=1800      # 30 minutes
AUTO_CLEANUP_MAX_AGE=86400       # 24 hours
AUTO_CLEANUP_ORPHANED=true
AUTO_CLEANUP_DUPLICATES=true

# Prevention actions
ACTION_WARNING="alert,log"
ACTION_CRITICAL="alert,cleanup,restrict"
EOF

# Proactive session monitoring
proactive_session_monitor() {
    local server_name="$1"
    local server_config="$2"
    
    # Load prevention config
    source "$PREVENTION_CONFIG"
    
    # Get current session data
    local session_data=$(get_current_session_data "$server_name")
    
    # Check each session type
    for session_type in gui ssh console; do
        local current_count=$(echo "$session_data" | jq -r ".${session_type}_count")
        local max_count=$(echo "$session_data" | jq -r ".max_${session_type}")
        local usage_percent=$((current_count * 100 / max_count))
        
        # Get thresholds
        local warning_var="WARNING_THRESHOLD_${session_type^^}"
        local critical_var="CRITICAL_THRESHOLD_${session_type^^}"
        local warning_threshold="${!warning_var:-60}"
        local critical_threshold="${!critical_var:-80}"
        
        # Check thresholds
        if [[ $usage_percent -ge $critical_threshold ]]; then
            handle_critical_threshold "$server_name" "$session_type" "$usage_percent"
        elif [[ $usage_percent -ge $warning_threshold ]]; then
            handle_warning_threshold "$server_name" "$session_type" "$usage_percent"
        fi
    done
}

# Handle critical threshold
handle_critical_threshold() {
    local server_name="$1"
    local session_type="$2"
    local usage_percent="$3"
    
    log_message "CRITICAL" "$server_name: $session_type sessions at $usage_percent%"
    
    # Execute critical actions
    IFS=',' read -ra actions <<< "$ACTION_CRITICAL"
    for action in "${actions[@]}"; do
        case "$action" in
            "alert")
                send_critical_alert "$server_name" "$session_type" "$usage_percent"
                ;;
            "cleanup")
                execute_aggressive_cleanup "$server_name" "$session_type"
                ;;
            "restrict")
                enable_session_restrictions "$server_name" "$session_type"
                ;;
        esac
    done
}

# Aggressive cleanup for critical situations
execute_aggressive_cleanup() {
    local server_name="$1"
    local session_type="$2"
    
    log_message "INFO" "Executing aggressive cleanup for $server_name ($session_type)"
    
    # Get server connection info
    local server_info=$(grep "^$server_name|" "$IDRAC_CONFIG_FILE")
    IFS='|' read -r name ip username password model max_sessions description <<< "$server_info"
    
    # Get all sessions
    local sessions=$(get_session_info "$ip" "$username" "$password")
    
    # Priority-based cleanup
    local cleanup_priorities=(
        "duplicate_user_sessions"
        "idle_sessions"
        "old_sessions"
        "non_critical_sessions"
    )
    
    for priority in "${cleanup_priorities[@]}"; do
        case "$priority" in
            "duplicate_user_sessions")
                cleanup_duplicate_sessions "$ip" "$username" "$password" "$sessions"
                ;;
            "idle_sessions")
                cleanup_idle_sessions "$ip" "$username" "$password" "$sessions"
                ;;
            "old_sessions")
                cleanup_old_sessions "$ip" "$username" "$password" "$sessions" 8
                ;;
            "non_critical_sessions")
                cleanup_non_critical_sessions "$ip" "$username" "$password" "$sessions"
                ;;
        esac
        
        # Check if we've freed enough sessions
        local new_usage=$(get_session_usage "$server_name" "$session_type")
        if [[ $new_usage -lt 70 ]]; then
            log_message "INFO" "Cleanup successful - usage reduced to $new_usage%"
            break
        fi
    done
}

# Cleanup duplicate user sessions
cleanup_duplicate_sessions() {
    local idrac_ip="$1"
    local username="$2"
    local password="$3"
    local sessions="$4"
    
    # Find users with multiple sessions
    local user_sessions=$(echo "$sessions" | awk '$2 ~ /GUI|SSH/ {print $3}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn)
    
    while read -r count user; do
        if [[ $count -gt 1 ]]; then
            log_message "INFO" "User $user has $count sessions - cleaning duplicates"
            
            # Keep newest session, close others
            local user_session_ids=$(echo "$sessions" | awk -v user="$user" '$3 == user {print $1}' | tail -n +2)
            
            for session_id in $user_session_ids; do
                close_idrac_session "$idrac_ip" "$username" "$password" "$session_id"
            done
        fi
    done <<< "$user_sessions"
}

# Session restriction enforcement
enable_session_restrictions() {
    local server_name="$1"
    local session_type="$2"
    
    local restriction_file="$POOL_STATE_DIR/${server_name}_restrictions.json"
    local restriction=$(cat <<EOF
{
    "server": "$server_name",
    "type": "$session_type",
    "enabled": true,
    "start_time": $(date +%s),
    "reason": "Critical threshold reached",
    "allowed_users": ["admin", "root", "emergency"],
    "max_duration": 1800
}
EOF
    )
    
    echo "$restriction" > "$restriction_file"
    log_message "WARN" "Session restrictions enabled for $server_name ($session_type)"
}

# Check session restrictions
check_session_restrictions() {
    local server_name="$1"
    local session_type="$2"
    local user="$3"
    
    local restriction_file="$POOL_STATE_DIR/${server_name}_restrictions.json"
    
    if [[ -f "$restriction_file" ]]; then
        local enabled=$(jq -r '.enabled' "$restriction_file")
        local allowed_users=$(jq -r '.allowed_users[]' "$restriction_file")
        
        if [[ "$enabled" == "true" ]]; then
            # Check if user is allowed
            if echo "$allowed_users" | grep -q "^$user$"; then
                return 0
            else
                log_message "WARN" "Session denied for $user due to restrictions on $server_name"
                return 1
            fi
        fi
    fi
    
    return 0
}

Session Monitoring and Alerting

Real-time Session Dashboard

#!/bin/bash
# Real-time iDRAC session monitoring dashboard

# Dashboard configuration
DASHBOARD_PORT=8080
DASHBOARD_UPDATE_INTERVAL=10
DASHBOARD_DATA_DIR="/var/lib/idrac-dashboard"

# Create dashboard directories
sudo mkdir -p "$DASHBOARD_DATA_DIR"/{data,logs,web}

# Generate dashboard HTML
generate_dashboard_html() {
    cat > "$DASHBOARD_DATA_DIR/web/index.html" << 'EOF'
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>iDRAC Session Monitor</title>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <style>
        body {
            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
            margin: 0;
            padding: 20px;
            background-color: #f5f5f5;
        }
        .container {
            max-width: 1200px;
            margin: 0 auto;
        }
        .header {
            background-color: #333;
            color: white;
            padding: 20px;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
            border-radius: 5px;
        }
        .server-grid {
            display: grid;
            grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(300px, 1fr));
            gap: 20px;
        }
        .server-card {
            background-color: white;
            border-radius: 5px;
            padding: 20px;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
        }
        .server-name {
            font-size: 18px;
            font-weight: bold;
            margin-bottom: 10px;
        }
        .session-bar {
            width: 100%;
            height: 30px;
            background-color: #e0e0e0;
            border-radius: 3px;
            overflow: hidden;
            margin: 5px 0;
        }
        .session-fill {
            height: 100%;
            background-color: #4CAF50;
            transition: width 0.3s ease;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            padding-left: 10px;
            color: white;
            font-size: 14px;
        }
        .session-fill.warning {
            background-color: #ff9800;
        }
        .session-fill.critical {
            background-color: #f44336;
        }
        .session-details {
            margin-top: 10px;
            font-size: 14px;
        }
        .refresh-time {
            text-align: right;
            color: #666;
            font-size: 12px;
            margin-top: 20px;
        }
        .alert-banner {
            background-color: #f44336;
            color: white;
            padding: 10px;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
            border-radius: 5px;
            display: none;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <div class="header">
            <h1>iDRAC Session Monitor</h1>
            <p>Real-time session usage across all servers</p>
        </div>
        
        <div id="alert-banner" class="alert-banner"></div>
        
        <div id="server-grid" class="server-grid">
            <!-- Server cards will be inserted here -->
        </div>
        
        <div class="refresh-time">
            Last updated: <span id="last-update">Never</span>
        </div>
    </div>
    
    <script>
        // Auto-refresh dashboard
        function updateDashboard() {
            fetch('/api/sessions')
                .then(response => response.json())
                .then(data => {
                    updateServerGrid(data.servers);
                    updateAlerts(data.alerts);
                    document.getElementById('last-update').textContent = new Date().toLocaleString();
                })
                .catch(error => console.error('Error updating dashboard:', error));
        }
        
        function updateServerGrid(servers) {
            const grid = document.getElementById('server-grid');
            grid.innerHTML = '';
            
            servers.forEach(server => {
                const card = createServerCard(server);
                grid.appendChild(card);
            });
        }
        
        function createServerCard(server) {
            const card = document.createElement('div');
            card.className = 'server-card';
            
            const percentage = (server.active_sessions / server.max_sessions) * 100;
            let barClass = 'session-fill';
            if (percentage >= 80) barClass += ' critical';
            else if (percentage >= 60) barClass += ' warning';
            
            card.innerHTML = `
                <div class="server-name">${server.name}</div>
                <div class="session-info">
                    <div>GUI Sessions:</div>
                    <div class="session-bar">
                        <div class="${barClass}" style="width: ${percentage}%">
                            ${server.active_sessions}/${server.max_sessions}
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="session-details">
                    <div>Model: ${server.model}</div>
                    <div>IP: ${server.ip}</div>
                    <div>Status: ${server.status}</div>
                </div>
            `;
            
            return card;
        }
        
        function updateAlerts(alerts) {
            const banner = document.getElementById('alert-banner');
            if (alerts && alerts.length > 0) {
                banner.style.display = 'block';
                banner.innerHTML = '<strong>Alerts:</strong> ' + alerts.join(' | ');
            } else {
                banner.style.display = 'none';
            }
        }
        
        // Update every 10 seconds
        setInterval(updateDashboard, 10000);
        updateDashboard();
    </script>
</body>
</html>
EOF
}

# Dashboard API endpoint
create_dashboard_api() {
    cat > "$DASHBOARD_DATA_DIR/api.py" << 'EOF'
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import json
import os
import glob
from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
from datetime import datetime

class DashboardHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
    def do_GET(self):
        if self.path == '/':
            self.serve_file('index.html', 'text/html')
        elif self.path == '/api/sessions':
            self.serve_session_data()
        else:
            self.send_error(404)
    
    def serve_file(self, filename, content_type):
        try:
            with open(f'/var/lib/idrac-dashboard/web/{filename}', 'rb') as f:
                content = f.read()
            self.send_response(200)
            self.send_header('Content-type', content_type)
            self.end_headers()
            self.wfile.write(content)
        except:
            self.send_error(404)
    
    def serve_session_data(self):
        # Collect session data from JSON files
        session_files = glob.glob('/var/log/idrac-sessions/session_data_*.json')
        servers = []
        alerts = []
        
        for file in session_files:
            try:
                with open(file, 'r') as f:
                    data = json.load(f)
                
                server_info = {
                    'name': data['server_name'],
                    'ip': data['idrac_ip'],
                    'active_sessions': data['active_sessions'],
                    'max_sessions': data['max_sessions'],
                    'usage_percent': data['usage_percent'],
                    'model': 'iDRAC',  # Could be parsed from config
                    'status': 'OK' if data['usage_percent'] < 80 else 'WARNING'
                }
                servers.append(server_info)
                
                if data['usage_percent'] >= 80:
                    alerts.append(f"{data['server_name']} at {data['usage_percent']}% capacity")
                
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Error reading {file}: {e}")
        
        response = {
            'servers': servers,
            'alerts': alerts,
            'timestamp': datetime.now().isoformat()
        }
        
        self.send_response(200)
        self.send_header('Content-type', 'application/json')
        self.end_headers()
        self.wfile.write(json.dumps(response).encode())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    server = HTTPServer(('0.0.0.0', 8080), DashboardHandler)
    print('Dashboard running on http://localhost:8080')
    server.serve_forever()
EOF

    chmod +x "$DASHBOARD_DATA_DIR/api.py"
}

# Create systemd service for dashboard
create_dashboard_service() {
    sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/idrac-dashboard.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=iDRAC Session Monitor Dashboard
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/usr/bin/python3 $DASHBOARD_DATA_DIR/api.py
WorkingDirectory=$DASHBOARD_DATA_DIR
Restart=always
RestartSec=10
User=root

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

    sudo systemctl daemon-reload
    sudo systemctl enable idrac-dashboard
    sudo systemctl start idrac-dashboard
}

# Setup monitoring dashboard
setup_monitoring_dashboard() {
    echo "Setting up iDRAC session monitoring dashboard..."
    
    generate_dashboard_html
    create_dashboard_api
    create_dashboard_service
    
    echo "Dashboard available at http://localhost:$DASHBOARD_PORT"
}

Advanced Alerting System

#!/bin/bash
# Multi-channel alerting for iDRAC sessions

# Alert configuration
ALERT_CONFIG="/etc/idrac-manager/alerts.conf"

cat > "$ALERT_CONFIG" << 'EOF'
# Alert Configuration
ALERT_CHANNELS="email,slack,teams,pagerduty"

# Email settings
EMAIL_ENABLED=true
EMAIL_RECIPIENTS="ops-team@example.com,admin@example.com"
EMAIL_FROM="idrac-monitor@example.com"
EMAIL_SMTP_SERVER="smtp.example.com"
EMAIL_SMTP_PORT=587

# Slack settings
SLACK_ENABLED=true
SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL="https://hooks.slack.com/services/YOUR/WEBHOOK/URL"
SLACK_CHANNEL="#infrastructure-alerts"

# Microsoft Teams settings
TEAMS_ENABLED=true
TEAMS_WEBHOOK_URL="https://outlook.office.com/webhook/YOUR/WEBHOOK/URL"

# PagerDuty settings
PAGERDUTY_ENABLED=true
PAGERDUTY_INTEGRATION_KEY="YOUR_INTEGRATION_KEY"
PAGERDUTY_SERVICE_ID="YOUR_SERVICE_ID"

# Alert severity levels
SEVERITY_INFO="email"
SEVERITY_WARNING="email,slack"
SEVERITY_CRITICAL="email,slack,teams,pagerduty"
EOF

# Multi-channel alert dispatcher
send_multi_channel_alert() {
    local severity="$1"
    local title="$2"
    local message="$3"
    local details="$4"
    
    # Load alert configuration
    source "$ALERT_CONFIG"
    
    # Get channels for severity
    local severity_var="SEVERITY_${severity^^}"
    local channels="${!severity_var:-email}"
    
    # Send to each channel
    IFS=',' read -ra channel_list <<< "$channels"
    for channel in "${channel_list[@]}"; do
        case "$channel" in
            "email")
                send_email_alert "$severity" "$title" "$message" "$details"
                ;;
            "slack")
                send_slack_alert "$severity" "$title" "$message" "$details"
                ;;
            "teams")
                send_teams_alert "$severity" "$title" "$message" "$details"
                ;;
            "pagerduty")
                send_pagerduty_alert "$severity" "$title" "$message" "$details"
                ;;
        esac
    done
}

# Email alert function
send_email_alert() {
    local severity="$1"
    local title="$2"
    local message="$3"
    local details="$4"
    
    if [[ "$EMAIL_ENABLED" != "true" ]]; then
        return
    fi
    
    local email_body="
iDRAC Session Alert
===================
Severity: $severity
Time: $(date)

$title

$message

Details:
$details

--
This alert was generated by the iDRAC Session Management System
"
    
    echo "$email_body" | mail -s "[iDRAC Alert] $severity: $title" \
        -r "$EMAIL_FROM" \
        "$EMAIL_RECIPIENTS"
}

# Slack alert function
send_slack_alert() {
    local severity="$1"
    local title="$2"
    local message="$3"
    local details="$4"
    
    if [[ "$SLACK_ENABLED" != "true" ]]; then
        return
    fi
    
    local color
    case "$severity" in
        "CRITICAL") color="danger" ;;
        "WARNING") color="warning" ;;
        *) color="good" ;;
    esac
    
    local payload=$(cat <<EOF
{
    "channel": "$SLACK_CHANNEL",
    "username": "iDRAC Monitor",
    "icon_emoji": ":server:",
    "attachments": [
        {
            "color": "$color",
            "title": "$title",
            "text": "$message",
            "fields": [
                {
                    "title": "Severity",
                    "value": "$severity",
                    "short": true
                },
                {
                    "title": "Time",
                    "value": "$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')",
                    "short": true
                }
            ],
            "footer": "iDRAC Session Monitor",
            "ts": $(date +%s)
        }
    ]
}
EOF
)
    
    curl -X POST -H 'Content-type: application/json' \
        --data "$payload" "$SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL" >/dev/null 2>&1
}

# Teams alert function
send_teams_alert() {
    local severity="$1"
    local title="$2"
    local message="$3"
    local details="$4"
    
    if [[ "$TEAMS_ENABLED" != "true" ]]; then
        return
    fi
    
    local theme_color
    case "$severity" in
        "CRITICAL") theme_color="FF0000" ;;
        "WARNING") theme_color="FFA500" ;;
        *) theme_color="00FF00" ;;
    esac
    
    local payload=$(cat <<EOF
{
    "@type": "MessageCard",
    "@context": "http://schema.org/extensions",
    "themeColor": "$theme_color",
    "summary": "$title",
    "sections": [{
        "activityTitle": "iDRAC Session Alert",
        "activitySubtitle": "$severity",
        "facts": [{
            "name": "Alert",
            "value": "$title"
        }, {
            "name": "Details",
            "value": "$message"
        }, {
            "name": "Time",
            "value": "$(date)"
        }],
        "markdown": true
    }]
}
EOF
)
    
    curl -X POST -H 'Content-type: application/json' \
        --data "$payload" "$TEAMS_WEBHOOK_URL" >/dev/null 2>&1
}

# PagerDuty alert function
send_pagerduty_alert() {
    local severity="$1"
    local title="$2"
    local message="$3"
    local details="$4"
    
    if [[ "$PAGERDUTY_ENABLED" != "true" ]] || [[ "$severity" != "CRITICAL" ]]; then
        return
    fi
    
    local event_action="trigger"
    local dedup_key="idrac_session_$(echo "$title" | md5sum | cut -d' ' -f1)"
    
    local payload=$(cat <<EOF
{
    "routing_key": "$PAGERDUTY_INTEGRATION_KEY",
    "event_action": "$event_action",
    "dedup_key": "$dedup_key",
    "payload": {
        "summary": "$title",
        "source": "idrac-monitor",
        "severity": "error",
        "custom_details": {
            "message": "$message",
            "details": "$details",
            "time": "$(date)"
        }
    }
}
EOF
)
    
    curl -X POST https://events.pagerduty.com/v2/enqueue \
        -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
        --data "$payload" >/dev/null 2>&1
}

# Alert aggregation and rate limiting
manage_alert_queue() {
    local alert_queue_dir="$POOL_STATE_DIR/alert_queue"
    mkdir -p "$alert_queue_dir"
    
    # Process alert queue with rate limiting
    local max_alerts_per_minute=5
    local alert_count=0
    
    for alert_file in "$alert_queue_dir"/*.json; do
        [[ -f "$alert_file" ]] || continue
        
        if [[ $alert_count -lt $max_alerts_per_minute ]]; then
            # Send alert
            local alert_data=$(cat "$alert_file")
            local severity=$(echo "$alert_data" | jq -r '.severity')
            local title=$(echo "$alert_data" | jq -r '.title')
            local message=$(echo "$alert_data" | jq -r '.message')
            local details=$(echo "$alert_data" | jq -r '.details')
            
            send_multi_channel_alert "$severity" "$title" "$message" "$details"
            
            # Remove sent alert
            rm -f "$alert_file"
            ((alert_count++))
        else
            # Rate limit reached, wait
            sleep 60
            alert_count=0
        fi
    done
}

This comprehensive guide provides enterprise-level knowledge for managing Dell iDRAC sessions, including advanced monitoring, automated cleanup, prevention strategies, and multi-channel alerting systems to ensure reliable remote server access.